EFFECT OF HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING ON ANTIOXIDANTS OF MALE PHYSICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS

The purpose of this study is to find out the efficiency of high intensity interval training on antioxidants of male physical education students. To achieve the purpose thirty (30) male physical education students were selected from Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Department of Physical Education, Meerut, Utter Pradesh. These subjects were tested on antioxidants before and after eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT). The mean maximal aerobic speed 4.21 m/s was used as a criterion velocity to set running paces for highintensity interval training. Statistical technique used in the present study was 2×2 ANOVA with repeated measures on last two factors. The result of the study revealed that eight weeks of high intensity interval training resulted in 32.65% of increase in Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (F(1,28) =4.663, p < 0.05) and 8.86% on Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (F(1,28) = 14.88, p < 0.05). However, 4.92% of reduction is noticed in Catalase (CAT) (F(1,28) = 14.88, p < 0.05). It is concluded that high intensity interval training for eight weeks resulted in significant alterations in antioxidants and which indirectly lowered the lipid peroxidation of male physical education students.


Introduction
Exercise has long been accepted as an intervention to improve physical health and well being or, in the professions of athletic training or physical therapy, to help an injured individual regain physical ability following an injury. Simultaneously athletes quest for excellence, have to cope with tough training programmes and perform well in competitions on a regular basis. Physical education students who undergo training, tapering and compete in competitions. However, athletes busy schedule of training and competing which might push athletes beyond their physiological and psychological limits. To recuperate the physiological and psychological parameters of athletes they concentrate on recovery patterns with optimal level which might enhance human performance [1].
Coaches and endurance athletes have long recognized the importance of highintensity interval training in enhancing endurance performance.
High-intensity interval training may be defined as repeated bouts of short-to moderate-duration exercise (30 seconds to 5 minutes) completed at a 'high' intensity. Recovery between efforts may be active or passive, but not of sufficient duration to facilitate full recovery.
Regular physical activity, associated with a balanced diet, is known as an important factor for health. However, exhaustive and/or intense physical activity can induce diseases, injuries and chronic fatigue, which can lead to the overtraining syndrome, partially because of the toxicity of free radicals. Free radicals, which are highly produced during physical exercise, are involved in muscular fatigue, many diseases and aging. However, they exert positive effects on the immune system and essential metabolic functions. Antioxidants are components that suppress free radicals and their harmful effects. If the production of free radicals is large than antioxidant activity, there is an oxidative stress state with cell damages [2]. The purpose of this study is to find out the efficiency of high intensity interval training on antioxidants of male physical education students.

Subjects
Thirty (30) male physical education students selected from Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Department of Physical Education, Meerut, Utter Pradesh. The age of these subjects range between 21 to 26 years, the selected subjects gave willingness to participate in this study. These selected subjects were classified into two groups namely Group I: High intensity interval training and Group II: Control group. These subjects were randomly selected and equally divided into two groups. These subjects were free from diseases.

Variables and Test
Blood samples were collected by venous arm puncture into heparinised tubes and the plasma and serum was separated by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes. The method adopted to measure SOD, GPx and CAT was presented in Table 1.

Statistical technique
The data collected from the HIT and CON group on antioxidant were statistically analysed to examine the changes. The experimental design used for the present investigation was 2×2 ANOVA with repeated measures on last two factors. In which, the first factor denotes groups (HIT and CON) and the second factor indicated testing conditions (Pre and Post test), whenever the interaction is significant, simple effect was used as a follow up test. Since two groups are involved Scheffé S test was not applied as post hoc test to determine the significant paired mean differences. The level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 to test the significance. The data was analysed in computer system by using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 17.

Results
Table 1 clearly shows that there was significant in interaction of SOD (F = 4.663, p < 0.05), GPx (F = 14.88, p < 0.05) and CAT (F = 4.92, p < 0.05). Since the obtained F ratio of interaction effect is greater than the the df of 1 and 28, demonstrates that there is statistically a significant difference for the interaction of groups at different tests. Since interaction is significant simple effect was applied and presented in Table 2.  4.195 This clearly showed that SOD, GPx and CAT recorded 32.65% and 8.86% of increase and 12.18% of decrease in HIT group is elicited. It is inferred that SOD and GPx had increased but CAT activity was decreased as a result of high intensity interval training for eight weeks in male physical education students.

Discussion
High-intensity interval training has been shown to be an effective method for improving endurance performance [7][8][9]. The antioxidant enzymes may be activated selectively during an acute bout of strenuous exercise depending on the oxidative stress imposed on the specific tissues as well as the intrinsic antioxidant defense capacity. Skeletal muscle may be subjected to a greater level of oxidative stress during exercise than liver and heart due to increased ROS production. Therefore, the muscle needs greater antioxidant protection against potential oxidative damage occurring during and/or after exercise. SOD, GPx and CAT provide the primary defense against ROS generated during exercise and activities of these enzymes are known to increase in response to exercise in both animal and human studies [10][11][12]. In the present study SOD, GPx and CAT improved due to eight weeks of high intensity interval training. SOD activity in skeletal muscle has been reported to increase after endurance training [13][14][15][16][17]. Further, GPx also underwent adaptation to endurance training which are reported earlier by Oh-Ishi et al. (1997) [18]; Leeuwenburgh et al. (1994) [14] and Powers et al. (1994) [17]. In addition, CAT activities have been reported to change with endurance training. This finding is in line with previous studies as Leewenburgh et al. (1999) [19]; Miyazaki et al. (2001) [20].

Conclusion
It is concluded that 8 weeks of high intensity interval training on physical education students showed increase in antioxidants which indirectly lowered the lipid peroxidation.